农田环境中农药残留比例型荧光传感系统研究

为监测农业环境中有机磷农药的残留，从种养源头管控农产品安全，基于锆离子和1,2,4,5-四（4-羧苯基）苯（H-4-TCPB）合成了蓝色荧光金属-有机框架材料（MOFs）Zr-TCPB，并与红色荧光量子点QDs组装成双荧光QDs@MOFs复合物，基于Zr-TCPB对有机磷农药特异性荧光淬灭效应，构建比例型荧光化学传感器系统，实现了有机磷农药的快速、灵敏、可视化检测。甲基对硫磷与对硫磷的检测限（LOD）分别为1.9μg/L和4.9μg/L，线性检测范围为0.005~2mg/L。研究表明，该荧光分析法能有效用于农业环境水样中甲基对硫磷及对硫磷的现场快速测定，甲基对硫磷回收率为93.23%~116.46%，平均相对标准偏差（RSD）为5.29%，对硫磷回收率为92.52%~107.83%，平均RSD为5.74%。该方法在环境样品农药残留快速监测方面具有巨大的应用价值。     

Assessing the sublethal impacts of anthropogenic stressors on fish: An energy‐budget approach

Fish are increasingly exposed to anthropogenic stressors from human developments and activities such as agriculture, urbanization, pollution and fishing. Lethal impacts of these stressors have been studied but the potential sublethal impacts, such as behavioural changes or reduced growth and reproduction, have often been overlooked. Unlike mortality, sublethal impacts are broad and difficult to quantify experimentally. As a result, sublethal impacts are often ignored in regulatory frameworks and management decisions. Building on established fish bioenergetic models, we present a general method for using the population consequences of disturbance framework to investigate how stressors influence ecologically relevant life processes of fish. We partition impact into the initial energetic cost of attempts to escape from the stressor, followed by the energetic impacts of any injury or behavioural change, and their consequent effects on life processes. As a case study, we assess the sublethal effects of catch and release angling for the European sea bass (Dicentrachus labrax, Moronidae), a popular target species for recreational fishers. The energy budget model described is not intended to replace existing experimental approaches but does provide a simple way to account for sublethal impacts in assessment of the impact of recreational fisheries and aid development of robust management approaches. There is potential to apply our energy budget approach to investigate a broad range of stressors and cumulative impacts for many fish species while also using individual‐based models to estimate population‐level impacts.     

Effects of biodegradable mulch on soil quality

Biodegradable plastic films are desirable alternatives to traditional black polyethylene plastic for use as mulches in agroecosystems. Efforts are ongoing to engineer biodegradable plastic mulches that could be incorporated into the soil at the end of the crop season, and decomposed by microorganisms, ultimately to CO₂, H₂O, and biomass. Whether changes in soil quality occur during or following biodegradation is unknown. An 18-month study evaluated the effects on soil quality following burial of four potentially biodegradable mulches and a no mulch control in high tunnel and open field tomato production systems across three geographically distinct locations (Knoxville, TN; Lubbock, TX; Mount Vernon, WA). The mulch treatments included: two starch-based mulches (BioAgri^® Ag-Film and BioTelo Agri); one experimental 100% polylactic acid mulch (Spunbond-PLA-10); one cellulose-based mulch (WeedGuardPlus; positive control); and a negative control (no mulch). The soil management assessment framework (SMAF) was used to calculate a soil quality index (SQI) according to five dynamic soil properties: microbial biomass carbon, β-glucosidase, electrical conductivity, total organic carbon (TOC), and pH. Within the 18-month evaluation period, the effects of the biodegradable mulches on the SQI were minor, and dependent upon production system and time of incubation at all locations. In general, the SQI was higher in the high tunnel systems for some of the mulch treatments at Knoxville and Lubbock but the opposite was true at Mount Vernon. By the final sampling at 18 months, the SQI was lowest for WeedGuardPlus at Lubbock and Mount Vernon but at Knoxville, the WeedGuardPlus SQI was not significantly different from the no mulch control. Of the five SMAF indicators evaluated, soil microbial biomass and β-glucosidase activity were the most responsive to mulch and production systems, supporting the use of these variables as soil quality indicators for short-term changes due to this agricultural management practice.     

农业社会化服务体系框架构建与机制研究

农业社会化服务体系是一个多层次、全方位的复杂系统。基于对相关文献的梳理和对我国服务体系发展状况的研究,构建了新时期下农业社会化服务体系运行框架,并对其运行机制进行了分析,提出了新时期下农业社会化服务体系的基本运行机制主要包括监督机制、竞争机制、激励机制、创新机制和利益分配机制。这对我国农业社会化服务体系的完善和顺利发展具有重要的理论意义。     

Influence of soil phosphorus status,texture, pH and metal content on the efficacy of amendments to pig slurry in reducing phosphorus losses

Cost‐effective strategies for using chemically amended organic fertilizers need to be developed to minimize nutrient losses in surface and groundwater. Coupling specific soil physical and chemical characteristics with amendment type could increase their effectiveness. This study investigated how water‐extractable phosphorus (P) was affected by chemical amendments added to pig slurry and how this effect varied with soil properties. A 3‐month incubation study was conducted on 18 different mineral soils, stored at 10 °C and 75% humidity and treated with unamended and amended slurry which was incorporated at a rate equivalent to 19 kg total P (TP )/ha. The amendments examined were commercial‐grade liquid alum, applied at a rate of 0.88:1 [Al:TP ], and commercial‐grade liquid poly‐aluminium chloride (PAC ), applied at a rate of 0.72:1 [Al:TP ]. These amendments were previously identified by the authors as being effective in reducing incidental losses of P. The efficacy of the amendments varied with the soil test P, the degree of P saturation (DPS ) and the Mehlich aluminium, iron and calcium, but not soil texture. Chemical amendments were most effective in soils with DPS over approximately 20%. Due to their high cost, the incorporation of amendments into existing management practices can only be justified as part of a holistic management plan where soils have high DPS .     

上海水务标准体系框架解析

为解决行业标准分散和不成体系等问题,提高行业标准化管理水平,通过对现有水务及相关行业技术标准体系的调研分析,结合上海水务专业特色,编制了《上海市水务标准体系表》.本文详述了该体系框架的编制原则、特色、组成单元、框架结构等,并详细说明了该体系表的专业门类和功能序列.     

我国旅游业碳排放测算方法构建与实证研究——基于投入产出视角

按照旅游业"碳减排"的"测定—减排—补偿"三步走的逻辑主线,旅游业碳排放的计量是旅游业节能减排的第一步,也是关键一步。以生命周期评价理论和投入产出分析方法为基础,结合国民经济核算体系、旅游卫星账户、环境经济综合账户等经济与环境计量技术,构建"自上而下"的旅游业碳排放计量方法体系,并实证计量了2002年我国旅游业碳排放量。研究发现,2002年我国旅游业碳排放总量为135.90 Mt,占我国所有产业碳排放总量的3.95%,占我国碳排放总量(包含生活消费碳排放)的3.50%;其中,旅游业直接碳排放为55.65 Mt,分别为交通42.25 Mt,游览1.08 Mt,住宿2.5 Mt,餐饮2.76 Mt,商品销售4.12 Mt,娱乐0.59 Mt,邮电通讯0.43 Mt,其他服务1.92 Mt;旅游业间接碳排放为80.24 Mt,主要贡献国民经济部门为炼焦、煤气及石油加工业、交通运输及仓储业、机器设备制造业、食品制造及烟草加工业等,约占总贡献率的60%。     

高校心理健康教育网络课程模式的构建与实例分析

计算机多媒体技术和网络技术日新月异的发展,教育信息化的推进,为努力实现高校心理健康教育课程教学内容、教学手段和教学方法的全面创新,本文以《心理健康教育》网络课程为例,尝试剖析其在模式构建、教学设计、交互安排、教学应用等方面的特征,以期为开辟高校心理健康教育课程的新模式提供思路。     

鄂西南民族地区养殖业与旅游业互动发展研究

为了研究鄂西南民族地区养殖业、旅游业的互动发展,文章在文献分析的基础上,结合实地调研掌握的资料和收集的数据,分析了鄂西南少数民族地区养殖业与旅游业互动发展的意义、基础条件和存在的主要障碍。结果表明,鄂西南民族地区具备开展养殖旅游的基础条件,但在发展观念、目标、层次以及人力资源等方面仍存在一些障碍。因此,文章从发展观念转变、发展规划制定、发展层次提升、人才培养和政策支持等方面提出了促进该地区养殖业、旅游业互动发展的对策建议。